5 de abr. de 2008

Região metropolitana e Lei de saneamento básico do Estado do Rio de Janeiro

Foi retomado pelo Plenário do Supremo Tribunal Federal o julgamento da Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade 1842/RJ ajuizada pelo Partido Democrático Trabalhista (PDT) contra leis que tratam da criação da região metropolitana e da microrregião dos Lagos no estado do Rio de Janeiro (Lei Complementar 87/89) e sobre prestação de serviço de saneamento básico (Lei estadual 2869/97).

Em abril de 2004, o relator da matéria, ministro Maurício Corrêa (aposentado), julgou prejudicada a ação quanto ao Decreto 24631/98, bem como em relação aos artigos 1º, 2º, 4º e 11 da Lei Complementar 87/89, ambos do estado do Rio de Janeiro, por perda superveniente de seu objeto. À época, Corrêa alegou a edição de nova legislação sobre o assunto. Ao final, declarou a constitucionalidade dos demais dispositivos impugnados.

Maurício Corrêa argumentou que a lei complementar criadora da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro e da microrregião dos Lagos ocorreu pela via legislativa adequada, tendo sido assegurada a participação dos municípios nos Conselhos Deliberativos. No que se refere à questão do saneamento básico, disse que a matéria extrapola o interesse exclusivo dos municípios, justificando-se a atuação do estado-membro.

Em março de 2006, o ministro Joaquim Barbosa, que havia pedido vista, proferiu voto em que discordou, parcialmente, do relator. Joaquim Barbosa sustentou que não deve haver confronto entre o estabelecimento de regiões metropolitanas e a autonomia municipal. Ele afirmou que as normas impugnadas transferem direta ou indiretamente competências tipicamente locais para o estado em conseqüência da criação de uma região metropolitana, o que não é compatível, segundo ele, com a ordem constitucional vigente.

Na sessão plenária de 03/04/2008, o ministro Gilmar Mendes apresentou seu voto-vista, entendendo inconstitucionais os dispositivos contestados.

Durante a leitura de seu voto, o ministro afirmou que a função pública de saneamento freqüentemente extrapola o interesse local e passa a ter natureza de interesse comum “apta a ensejar a instituição de regiões metropolitanas, aglomerações urbanas e micro-regiões nos termos do artigo 25, parágrafo 3º, da Constituição Federal”.

De modo contrário ao voto do ministro Maurício Corrêa, Mendes entendeu não ser compatível com a Constituição Federal a transferência integral do poder concedente, seja ao estado-federado ou ao município-pólo. Isto porque tal fato eliminaria, neste aspecto, a capacidade de auto-administração dos municípios envolvidos e conseqüentemente núcleo essencial da autonomia municipal.

“De acordo com o ordenamento constitucional, não é razoável a manutenção do poder concedente de cada município participante, a meu ver, sob pena de esvaziar o conteúdo do artigo 25, parágrafo 3º da CF e a própria instituição da região metropolitana, microrregião ou aglomeração urbana. Além de inviabilizar a prestação integrada e o adequado atendimento de interesse comum”, afirmou.

Para ele, a inadequação da prestação da função de saneamento básico em um único município pode inviabilizar todo o esforço coletivo e afetar vários municípios próximos. “O interesse comum é muito mais que a soma de cada interesse local envolvido, pois a má condição da função de saneamento básico por apenas um município pode colocar em risco todo o esforço do conjunto, além das conseqüências para a saúde pública de toda a região”, disse.

“A solução, a meu ver, consiste na idéia de que o agrupamento de municípios junto com o estado federado detêm a titularidade e o poder concedente, ou seja, cabe ao colegiado formado pelos municípios mais o estado federado decidir como integrar e atender adequadamente no caso a função de saneamento básico ou, se for o caso, de outros serviços”, considerou Mendes.

Segundo ele, a participação dos entes em decisão colegiada não necessita ser paritária, “desde que apta a prevenir a concentração de poder decisório no âmbito de um único ente”. Ele destacou que a participação de cada município e do estado deve ser estipulada por região metropolitana de acordo com suas particularidades, sem permitir predomínio absoluto de um ente.

Conforme o entendimento do ministro Gilmar Mendes na hipótese de integração metropolitana, o poder decisório e o eventual poder concedente não devem ser transferidos integralmente para o estado federado, como entendia o ministro Maurício Corrêa. Também não deveria permanecer em cada município individualmente, como sustentava o ministro Nelson Jobim.

Assim, para Mendes, “a região metropolitana deve, como ente colegiado, planejar, executar e funcionar como poder concedente dos serviços de saneamento básico, inclusive por meio de agência reguladora se for o caso, de sorte a atender ao interesse comum e à autonomia municipal”.

“Todos os dispositivos que condicionam a execução da integração metropolitana ao exclusivo crivo de autoridade estadual, a meu ver, são inconstitucionais”, ressaltou o ministro. De acordo com ele, a expressão “a ser submetida à Assembléia Legislativa”, do inciso I, do artigo 5º, além do parágrafo único do artigo 5º, dos incisos I, II, IV e V do artigo 6º, do artigo 7º, do artigo 10, todos da LC 87/97, são efetivamente inconstitucionais, pois delegariam diretamente ao estado do Rio de Janeiro, ou a alguma de suas autoridades, a palavra final a respeito da execução e funcionamento da organização metropolitana e das funções de interesse comum.

Quantos aos artigos 11 a 21 da Lei 2869, o ministro afirmou que a estrutura de saneamento básico para atendimento da região metropolitana retira dos municípios qualquer poder de decidir, “concentrando no estado do Rio de Janeiro os elementos executivos, inclusive a condução específica da agência reguladora e a fixação das tarifas do serviço das concessionárias”.

Gilmar Mendes concluiu que a titularidade do serviço de saneamento básico relativamente à distribuição de água e coleta de esgoto é qualificada por interesse comum e deve ser concentrada na região metropolitana e na microrregião, conforme o artigo 25, parágrafo 3º da CF, “respeitando a condução de seu planejamento e execução por decisões colegiadas dos municípios envolvidos e do estado do Rio de Janeiro”. Dessa forma, para o ministro são inconstitucionais os artigos 11 a 21 da Lei 2869, uma vez que decorreram de decisão singular do estado fluminense.

Mendes também votou pela inconstitucionalidade dos parágrafos 2º, tanto do artigo 4º quanto do artigo 11 da LC 87/97, que condicionam a execução dos respectivos conselhos deliberativos a ratificação pelo governador do estado.

Por fim, destacou que esta é uma questão extremamente delicada do ponto de vista das conseqüências da declaração de inconstitucionalidade. Por essa razão suscitou a aplicação do artigo 27 da Lei 9868/99 [Lei das ADIs] de modo que o estado do Rio de Janeiro disponha de 24 meses, a contar da data da conclusão deste julgamento, para implementar o novo modelo de planejamento e execução da função do interesse comum no âmbito das regiões metropolitanas, microrregiões e aglomerados urbanos, que acolha a participação dos municípios integrantes sem que haja concentração de poderes decisórios nas mãos de qualquer ente.

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